معماری و مسیریابی: تحلیل اثر دسترسی بصری بر فرایند مسیریابی در فضاهای اداری

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناس ارشد معماری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 استادیار، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

3 استاد، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر مسیریابی را در محیط‌های پیچیدۀ اداری بررسی کرده است. مسیریابی موضوع پرچالشی است و تحقیقات بسیاری از دهۀ هفتاد میلادی تاکنون بدان پرداخته‌اند. مرور ادبیات ناظر بر مفهوم مسیریابی نشان می‌دهد که تاکنون دسته‌بندی دقیق و جامعی از عوامل مؤثر بر مسیریابی که منتج به ارائۀ الزامات طراحی در محیط‌های اداری پرمراجعه شود، ارائه نشده است؛ لذا توجه به عوامل محیطی ـ و به‌ویژه دسترسی بصری به‌دلیل تعامل قوۀ دیداری با سناریوهای رفتار در کاربری‌های اداری ـ از محور‌های اصلی این پژوهش است. این پژوهش ضمن بازبینی مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر مسیریابی و تأکید بر اهمیت دسترسی بصری، به ارزیابی چهار مؤلفۀ گشودگی مسیر، نوع اتصال، عرض مسیر و شکل و زاویۀ تقاطع‌ها در فضای اداری پرداخته است. ارزیابی میزان دسترسی بصری، از طریق مفهوم میدان دید و تحلیل رفتار مسیریابی انجام شده است. این پژوهش از نه نفر از مردان و زنان ناآشنا با یک محیط اداری درخواست نمود تا مسیری تعیین‌شده در ساختمان اداری شهرداری کرج را طی نمایند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسش‌نامه، مصاحبه، مشاهده و روش‌های آنالیز میدان دید، جمع‌آوری و تحلیل شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که عملکرد مسیریابی با دسترسی بصری در محیط اداری، رابطۀ مستقیم دارد؛ به‌عبارت دیگر، هرچه میزان هم‌پوشانی سطح دید از نقاط مختلف بیشتر باشد، عملکرد افراد در مسیریابی، سریع‌تر و خطای ناشی از یافتن مسیر درست کاهش می‌یابد. همچنین بررسی اولویت افراد در انتخاب گره‌هایی که به‌لحاظ ویژگی‌های دسترسی بصری متفاوت بوده‌اند، نشان داد مسیری که سطح دید و اطلاعات محیطی بیشتری ارائه می‌دهد، در اولویت انتخاب قرار می‌گیرد. نتایج پژوهش می‌تواند الگوی مناسبی برای بازاندیشی مؤلفه‌های طراحی فضاهای اداری برای طراحان و معماران باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


  • اسفندیاری، اکرم، و عباس ترکاشوند. 1399. کاربرد تحلیل‌های ایزوویست و خطوط دید در سنجش کیفیت بصری در مجتمع‌های مسکونی (مطالعۀ موردی شهر کرمانشاه). مجله مطالعات شهری 35 (9): 19ـ32.
  • Abu Obeid, N., and Abu ـ Safieh, S. 2010. The Effect of the Angle between Navigation Paths and Transitional Spaces on Spatial Knowledge. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 57ـ
  • AbuـObeid, N. 1998. Abstract and Scenographic Imagery: The Effect of Environmental Form on Wayfinding. Journal of Environmental Psychology18 (2): 159ـ
  • AbuـGhazzeh, T. M. 1996. Movement and Wayfinding in the King Saud University Built Environment: A Look at Freshman Orientation and Environmental Information. Journal of Environmental Psychology16 (4): 303ـ
  • Arthur, P., and Passini, R. 1992. Wayfinding: People, Signs and Architecture. New York: McGrawHill.
  • Bada, Y., and Farhi, A. 2009. Experiencing Urban Spaces: Isovists Properties and Spatial Use of Plazas.
  • Baskaya, A., Wilson, C., and Özcan, Y. Z. 2004. Wayfinding in an Unfamiliar Environment: Different Spatial Settings of Two Polyclinics. Environment and Behavior36 (6): 839ـ
  • Benedikt, M. L. 1979. To Take Hold of Space: Isovists and Isovist Fields. Environment and Planning B: Planning and desig6 (1): 47ـ
  • Benedikt, M. L., and Burnham, C. A. 1985. Perceiving Architectural Space: From Optic Arrays to Isovists. Persistence and Change, 103ـ
  • Bosch, S. J., and Gharaveis, A. 2017. Flying Solo: A Review of the Literature on Wayfinding for Older Adults Experiencing Visual or Cognitive Decline. Applied Ergonomics, No. 58: 327 ـ
  • Brown, B., Wright, H., and Brown, C. 1997. A Post ـ occupancy Evaluation of Wayfinding in a Pediatric Hospital: Research Findings and Implications for Instruction. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 35ـ
  • Carroll, J. B. 1956. Introduction in Language, Thought and Reality. New York: Holt.
  • Carpman, J., and Grant, M. 2002. Wayfinding: A Broad View. In R. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Psychology (pp. 427-442). New York: John Wiley & Sons
  • Cornell, D. 1999. Beyond Accommodation: Ethical Feminism, Deconstruction, and the Law. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Cubukcu, E., and Nasar, J. L. 2005. Relation of Physical Form to Spatial Knowledge in Large ـ Scale Virtual Environments. Environment and Behavior 37 (3): 397-417.
  • Dalton, R. C. 2003. The Secret Is to Follow Your Nose: Route Path Selection and Angularity. Environment and Behavior35 (1), 107ـ
  • De Cock, L., Ooms, K., Van de Weghe, N., Vanhaeren, N., Pauwels, P., and De Maeyer, P. 2021. Identifying What Constitutes Complexity Perception of Decision Points During Indoor Route Guidance. International Journal of Geographical Information Science35 (6): 1232ـ
  • Downs, R. M., and Stea, D. (Eds.). 1973. Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behavior. Transaction Publishers.
  • Dogu, U., and Erkip, F. 2000. Spatial Factors Affecting Wayfinding and Orientation: A Case Study in a Shopping Mall. Environment and Behavior32 (6): 731ـ
  • Erkip, F. 2000. Global Transformations Versus Local Dynamics in Istanbul: Planning in a Fragmented Metropolis. Cities17 (5): 371ـ
  • Evans, G. W., Fellows, J., Zorn, M., and Doty, K. (1980). Cognitive Mapping and Architecture. Journal of Applied Psychology65 (4): 474.
  • Evans, G. W., Skorpanich, M. A., Gärling, T., Bryant, K. J., and Bresolin, B. 1984. The Effects of Pathway Configuration, Landmarks and Stress on Environmental Cognition. Journal of Environmental Psychology4 (4): 323ـ335.
  • Farr, A. C., Kleinschmidt, T., Yarlagadda, P., and Mengersen, K. 2012. Wayfinding: A Simple Concept, a Complex Process. Transport Reviews 32 (6): 715-743.
  • Fewings, R. 2001. Wayfinding and Airport Terminal Design. Journal of Navigation 54 (2): 177-184.
  • Franz, G., Mallot, H. A., and Wiener, J. M. 2005. Graph ـ based Models of Space in Architecture and Cognitive Science: A Comparative Analysis. In 17th International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics (INTERSYMP 2005)(pp. 30ـ38). International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics.
  • Gärling, T. 1999. Value Priorities, Social Value Orientations and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas. British Journal of Social Psychology38 (4): 397ـ
  • Gärling, T., Böök, A., and Lindberg, E. 1986. Spatial Orientation and Wayfinding in the Designed Environment: A Conceptual Analysis and Some Suggestions for Post ـ occupancy Evaluation. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 55ـ
  • Gehl, J. 2010, Cities for People, Island Press, Washington DC.
  • Golledge, R. G. 1991. Cognition of Physical and Built Environments. In Environment, Cognition, and Action. Oxford University Press.
  • Golledge, R. G., and Hubert, L. J. 1982. Some Comments on Non ـ Euclidean Mental Maps. Environment and Planning A14 (1): 107ـ
  • Golledge, R. G., Jacobson, R. D., Kitchin, R., and Blades, M. 2000. Cognitive Maps, Spatial Abilities and Human Wayfinding. Geographical Review of Japan, Series B 73 (2): 93-104.
  • Golledge, R. G. 1995. Path Selection and Route Preference in Human Navigation: A Progress Report. In International Conference on Spatial Information Theory(pp. 207ـ222). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Hillier, B. 2005. The Art of Place and the Science of Space. World Architecture, No. 185: 96ـ
  • Hölscher, C., Brösamle, M., and Vrachliotis, G. 2012. Challenges in Multilevel Wayfinding: A Case Study With the Space Syntax Technique. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design39 (1): 63ـ
  • Jamshidi, S., Ensafi, M., and Pati, D. 2020. Wayfinding in Interior Environments: An Integrative Review. Frontiers in Psychology, No. 11, 549628.
  • JansenـOsmann, P., and Wiedenbauer, G. 2004. The Representation of Landmarks and Routes in Children and Adults: A Study in a Virtual Environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology24 (3): 347ـ
  • JansenـOsmann, P., Schmid, J., and Heil, M. 2007. Wayfinding Behavior and Spatial Knowledge of Adults and Children in a Virtual Environment: The Role of Environmental Structure. Swiss Journal of Psychology/Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Revue Suisse de Psychologie66 (1): 41.
  • Johansson, C., and Sundberg, E. 2018. Wayfinding with Ambiguous Instructions in Unfamiliar Environments.
  • Kaplan, S. 1976. Adaptation, Structure and Knowledge.
  • Kitchin, R. M. 1994. Cognitive Maps: What Are They and Why Study Them?. Journal of Environmental Psychology14 (1): 1ـ
  • Kitchin, R. 2001. Cognitive maps. International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioural Sciences, No. 3: 2120ـ
  • Kuliga, S. F., Nelligan, B., Dalton, R. C., Marchette, S., Shelton, A. L., Carlson, L., and Hölscher, C. (2019). Exploring Individual Differences and Building Complexity in Wayfinding: The Case of the Seattle Central Library. Environment and Behavior51 (5): 622ـ
  • Lawton, C. A. 1996. Strategies for Indoor Wayfinding: The Role of Orientation. Journal of Environmental Psychology16 (2): 137ـ
  • Lawton, C. A. 2010. Gender, Spatial Abilities, and Wayfinding. In Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology(pp. 317ـ341). Springer, New York, NY.
  • Lawton, C. A., and Kallai, J. 2002. Gender Differences in Wayfinding Strategies and Anxiety About Wayfinding: A Crossـcultural Comparison. Sex Roles47 (9): 389ـ
  • Li, R., and Klippel, A. 2012. Wayfinding in Libraries: Can Problems Be Predicted?. Journal of Map & Geography Libraries8 (1): 21ـ
  • Liao, H., and Dong, W. 2017. An Exploratory Study Investigating Gender Effects on Using 3D Maps for Spatial Orientation in Wayfinding. ISPRS International Journal of GeoـInformation6 (3): 60.
  • Linn, M. C., and Petersen, A. C. 1985. Emergence and Characterization of Sex Differences in Spatial Ability: A MetaـChild Development, 1479ـ1498.
  • Lynch, K. 1964. The image of the city. MIT press.
  • MendezـLopez, M., Fidalgo, C., Osma, J., and Juan, M. C. 2020. Wayfinding Strategy and Gender–Testing the Mediating Effects of Wayfinding Experience, Personality and Emotions. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, No. 13: 119.
  • Malinowski, J. C., and Gillespie, W. T. 2001. Individual Differences in Performance on a Largeـscale, Realـworld Wayfinding Task. Journal of Environmental Psychology21 (1): 73ـ
  • O'Neill, M. J. 1991. Effects of Signage and Floor Plan Configuration on Wayfinding Accuracy. Environment and Behavior23 (5): 553ـ
  • Ostwald, M. J., and Dawes, M. 2013. ProspectـRefuge Patterns in Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie Houses: Using Isovist Fields to Examine the Evidence. The Journal of Space Syntax4 (1): 136ـ
  • Passini, R. 1981. Wayfinding: A Conceptual Framework. Urban Ecology 5 (1): 17-31.
  • Passini, R. 1984. Spatial Representations, a Wayfinding Perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology4 (2): 153ـ
  • Passini, R. 1984. WAYFINDING IN ARCHITETURER. Environmental Design Series, No. 4: 59ـ
  • PASSINI, R. 1994. Graphics and Architecture of Wayfinding. Proceedings of Public Graphics. The Netherlands.
  • Passini, R. 1996. Wayfinding Design: Logic, Application and Some Thoughts on Universality. Design Studies 17 (3): 319ـ
  • Passini, R. 2000. Signـposting Information Design. Information Design8398.
  • Passini, R., Rainville, C., Marchand, N., and Joanette, Y. 1995. Wayfinding in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: Planning Abilities. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology17 (6): 820ـ
  • Peponis, J., Zimring, C., and Choi, Y. K. 1990. Finding the Building in Wayfinding. Environment and Behavior22 (5): 555ـ
  • Siegel, A. W. 1982. Toward a Social Ecology of Cognitive Mapping. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development1982 (15): 83ـ
  • Siegel, A. W., Babich, J. M., and Kirasic, K. C. 1974. Visual Recognition Memory in Reflective and Impulsive Children. Memory & Cognition2 (2): 379ـ
  • Siegel, A. W., and White, S. H. 1975. The Development of Spatial Representations of Largeـscale Environments. Advances in Child Development and Behavior10, 9ـ55
  • Smith, M. 2016. Level 1 Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at the Workplace(No. DOE/EEـ1399). Energetics Incorporated, Columbia, MD (United States).
  • Tam, M. L. 2011. An Optimization Model for Wayfinding Problems in Terminal Building. Journal of Air Transport Management17 (2): 74ـ
  • Tandy, C. R. V. 1967. The Isovist Method of Landscape Survey. Methods of Landscape Analysis, No. 10: 9ـ
  • Turner, A., Doxa, M., O'sullivan, D., and Penn, A. 2001. From Isovists to Visibility Graphs: a Methodology for the Analysis of Architectural Space. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design28 (1): 103ـ
  • Vilar, E., Rebelo, F., Noriega, P., Teles, J., and Mayhorn, C. 2013. The Influence of Environmental Features on Route Selection in an Emergency Situation. Applied Ergonomics 44 (4): 618–627.
  • Vilar, E., Rebelo, F., Noriega, P., Duarte, E., and Mayhorn, C. B. (2014). Effects of Competing Environmental Variables and Signage on Routeـchoices in Simulated Every Day and Emergency Wayfinding Situations. Ergonomics57 (4): 511ـ
  • Weisman, J. (1981). Evaluating Architectural Legibility: Wayـfinding in the Built Environment. Environment and Behavior13 (2): 189ـ
  • Weisman, G. D. 1987. Improving Wayـfinding and Architectural Legibility in Housing for the Elderly. Housing the Aged: Design Directives and Policy Considerations, 441ـ
  • Wiener, J. M., and Franz, G. 2004. Isovists as a Means to Predict Spatial Experience and Behavior. In International Conference on Spatial Cognition(pp. 42ـ57). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Yang, L. E., Bork, H. R., Fang, X., Mischke, S., Weinelt, M., and Wiesehöfer, J. 2019. On the PaleoـClimatic/Environmental Impacts and Socioـcultural System Resilience along the Historical Silk Road. In SocioـEnvironmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road (pp. 3ـ22). Springer, Cham