Urbanization, land prices, and construction costs have diminished the size of housing interiors. These extreme reductions make home seekers prefer open and large spaces. Users express their tendency towards size-related qualities of space like airiness and spaciousness explicitly when negotiating to rent or purchase housing. Through a qualitative research method, this study aims to investigate the physical attributes of housing affecting the perceived spaciousness and airiness, semantic analysis of the two qualities, and establishment of an operational spatial arrangement for spacious housing. Participants of this study included 40 residents of 22 apartments in Tehran, Iran. The results of the study show that increased area, light, visual permeability, and furniture qualities had the most effect on both spaciousness and airiness. For spatial arrangement, results showed that the more the spaces merge, the more spaciousness is perceived. Since spaciousness falls under the formal/denotative meanings of environment whereas airiness belongs to symbolic/connotative meanings of environment, the two qualities should be differently measured in environmental evaluation.
ـ بخارائی، صالحه. 1394. فضامندی: وجوه، حدود و عوامل تأثیرگذار. صفه 25 (2)، 5ـ18.
Anderson, L. M., B. E. Mulligan, L. S. Goodman, and H. Z. Regen. 1983. Effects of Sounds on Preferences for Outdoor Settings. Environment and Behavior, 15(5), 539-566.
Alexander, C. 1964. Notes on the Synthesis of Form(Vol. 5). Harvard University Press.
Alexander, C. 1979. The Timeless Way of Building(Vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press.
Altman, I., A. Rapoport , and J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.). (1980). Environment and Culture. Plenum Press.
Al-Zamil, F. A. 2017. The Impact of Design Elements on the Perception of Spaciousness in Interior Design. International Design Journal, 7(2), 177-187.
Appleyard, B. 1981. Livable Streets 2.0. Elsevier.
Asgarzadeh, M., Koga, K. Hirate, M. Farvid, and A. Lusk. 2014. Investigating oppressiveness and spaciousness in relation to building, trees, sky and ground surface: A study in Tokyo. Landscape and Urban Planning, 131, 36–41
Ashihara, Y. 1970. Exterior Design In. ARCHITECTURE, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY.
Benedikt, M. L., and C. A. Burnham. 1985. Perceiving Architectural Space: From Optic Arrays to Isovists. Persistence and Change, 103-114.
Berlyne, D. E. 1973. Aesthetics and Psychobiology. New York: Meredith.
Blomeyer, G. R., and R. M. Helmholtz. 1976. Semiotic in Architecture-A Classifying Analysis of an Architectural Object. Semiosis1, Heft1, Agis-Verlag, 42-51.
Bokharaei, S., and J. L. Nasar. 2016. Perceived Spaciousness and Preference in Sequential Experience. Human Factors, 58(7), 1069-1081.
Bokharaei, S., and J. Nasar. 2022. Dynamic Experience of Spaciousness, Surprise and Preference Through Indoor Spaces (Experiencia Dinámica de Espaciosidad, Sorpresa y Preferencia en Espacios Interiores). PsyEcology, 1-37.
Jencks, C., G. Broadbent, and R. Bunt. 1980. Signs, Symbols and Architecture. Wiley.
Brondino, M., J. L. Nasar, M. Pasini, and S. Bokharaei. 2019. Surprise, Arousal, and Pleasantness in Movement Between Spaces. Visions for Sustainability, (11).
Canter, D. 1977. The Psychology of Place. London: Architectural Press.
Cooper, C. 1972. Residential Dissatisfaction in Multi-family Housing. Behaviour, Design, and Policy Aspects of Human Habitats. WM Smith (Ed.): University of Wisconsin, Green Bay.
Diker, B., and H. Demirkan. 2022. Evaluating Interior Architectural Elements That Influence Perception of Spaciousness in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme Environments. International Journal of Digital Innovation in the Built Environment (IJDIBE), 11(3), 1-15.
Eco, U. 1980. A Componential Analysis. Signs, Symbols, and Architecture, 213.
Flynn, J. E., and T. J. Spencer. 1977. The Effects of Light Source Color on User Impression and Satisfaction. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 6(3), 167-179.
Franz, G., M. Von Der Heyde, and H. H. Bülthoff. 2005. An Empirical Approach to the Experience of Architectural Space in Virtual Reality—Exploring Relations Between Features and Affective Appraisals of Rectangular Indoor Spaces. Automation in Construction, 14(2), 165-172.
Gärling, T. 1970a. Studies in Visual Perception of Architectural Spaces and Rooms III: A Relation Between Judged Depth and Size of Space. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 11, 124-131.
Gärling, T. 1970b. Studies in Visual Perception of Architectural Spaces and Rooms IV: The Relation of Judged Depth to Judged Size of Space Under Different Viewing Conditions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 11, 133-145.
Gehl, J. 1987. Life Between Buildings(Vol. 23). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Gibberd, F. 1970. Town Design. Architectural Press.
Gibson, J. J. 1950. The Perception of the Visual World.
Gibson, J. J. 2014. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition. Psychology Press.
Graziano, M. S., and D. F. Cooke. 2006. Parieto-Frontal Interactions, Personal Space, and Defensive Behavior. Neuropsychologia, 44(6), 845-859.
Groat, L. N., and C. Després. 1991. The Significance of Architectural Theory for Environmental Design Research. In Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design(pp. 3-52). Springer, Boston, MA.
Hall, E. T. 1966. The Hidden Dimension(Vol. 609). Anchor.
Hayward, S. C., and S. S. Franklin. (1974). Perceived Openness-Enclosure of Architectural Space. Environment and Behavior, 6(1), 37.
Hediger, H. 1955. Studies of the Psychology and Behavior of Captive Animals in Zoos and Circuses.
Hershberger, R. G. 1970. Architecture and Meaning. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 4(4), 37-55.
Hershberger , Robert. 1977. Predicting the Meaning of Architecture, Arizona State University.
Herzog, T. R., S. Kaplan, and R. Kaplan. 1976. The Prediction of Preference for Familiar Urban Places. Environment and Behavior, 8(4), 627-645.
Hillier, B., A. Leaman, P. Stansall, and M. Bedford. 1976. Space Syntax. Environment and Planning B: Planning and design, 3(2), 147-185.
Honikman, B. 1976. Construct Theory as Approach to Architectural and Environment Design. Exploration of Intrapersonal Space (The Measurement of Intrapersonal Space by Grid Technique; v. 1), 167-181.
Imamoglu, V. 1973.The Effect of Furniture on the Subjective Evaluation of Spaciousness and Estimation of Size of Rooms.In R. Küller (Ed.), Architectural Psychology (pp. 314-352). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
Inui, M., and T. Miyata. 1973. Spaciousness in Interiors.Lighting Research and Technology,5, 103-111.
Ishikawa, T., A. Okabe, Y. Sadahiro, and S. Kakumoto. 1998. An Experimental Analysis of the Perceptions of the Area Using 3-D Stereo Dynamic Graphics. Environment and Behavior, 30, 216-234.
Kaplan, R., and S. Kaplan. 1989. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Krampen, M. 1991. Environmental Meaning. Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design (3), 231-268.
Kuller, R. 1972. A Semantic Model for Describing Perceived Environment, National Swedish Institute for Building Research, Document D12:1972, Stockholm.
Kwallek, N. 1996. Office Wall Color: An Assessment of Spaciousness and Preference. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83(1), 49-50.
Lang, J. 1988. Symbolic Aesthetics in Architecture: Toward a Research Agenda. Environmental Aesthetics: Theory, Research, and Applications, 11-26.
Lang, J. 1994. Urban design: the American Experience. John Wiley & Sons.
Lazarus, R. S. 1984. On the Primacy of Cognition. Psycnet.
Marans, R. W. 1976. Perceived Quality of Residential Environments: Some Methodological Issues. Perceiving Environmental Quality: Research and Applications, 123-147.
Marans, R. W., and D. Stokols. (Eds.). 2013. Environmental Simulation: Research and Policy Issues.
Martyniuk, O., J. E. Flynn, T. J. Spencer, and C. Hendrick. 1973. Effect of Environmental Lighting on Impression and Behavior. In R. Küller (Ed.), Architectural Psychology (pp. 51-63). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross.
Meagher, B. R., and K. L. Marsh. 2015. Testing an Ecological Account of Spaciousness in Real and Virtual Environments. Environment and Behavior, 47(7), 782-815.
Montoya, R. M., R. S. Horton, J. L. Vevea, M. Citkowicz, and E. A. Lauber. 2017. A Re-Examination of the Mere Exposure Effect: The Influence of Repeated Exposure on Recognition, Familiarity, and Liking. Psychological Bulletin, 143(5), 459.
Nasar, J. L. 1983. Adult Viewers' Preferences in Residential Scenes: A Study of the Relationship of Environmental Attributes to Preference. Environment and Behavior, 15(5), 589-614.
Nasar, J. L. 1994. Urban Design Aesthetics: The Evaluative Qualities of Building Exteriors. Environment and Behavior, 26(3), 377-401.
Neisser, U. 2014. Cognitive Psychology: Classic Edition. Psychology Press.
Norberg-Schulz, C. 1965. Intentions in Architecture. Oslo Univ.
Ogden, C.K., and I.A. Richards. 1994. The Meaning of Meaning, A study of the Influence of Language Upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism, Routledge/ Thoemmes Press.
Osgood, C. E. 1952. The Nature and Measurement of Meaning. Psychological Bulletin, 49(3), 197.
Osgood, C. E. 1962. Studies on the Generality of Affective Meaning Systems. American Psychologist, 17(1), 10.
Osgood, C. H., G. J. Suci, and P. H. Tannenbaum. 1957. The Measurement of Meaning, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
Rapoport, A. 1990. The Meaning of the Built environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach. University of Arizona Press.
Sadalla, E. K., and D. Oxley. 1984. The Perception of Room Size: The Rectangularity Illusion. Environment and Behavior, 16, 291-306.
Sanoff, H. 1974. Measuring Attributes of the Visual Environment. Designing for Human Behavior: Architecture and the Behavioral Sciences, 244, 260.
Sanoff, H. 1992. Participatory Design. Integrating Programming, Evaluation and Participation in Design, 55-86.
Savavibool, N., and C. Moorapun. 2017. Effects of Colour, Area, and Height on Space Perception. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 2(6), 351-359.
Schwarz, N. 1990. Feelings as Information: Informational and Motivational Functions of Affective States. The Guilford Press.
Sitte, C. 1889. City Planning According to Artistic Principles. In Camillo Sitte: The birth of modern city planning(pp. 129-332).
Sommer, R. 1959. Studies in Personal Space. Sociometry, 22(3), 247-260.
Sonnenfeld, J. 1966. Variable Values in Space and Landscape: An Inquiry into the Nature of Environmental Necessity. Journal of Social Issues, 22(4), 71-82.
Stamps III, AE. 2003. Permeability and Environmental Enclosure. Perceptual and Motor Skills,96, 1305-1310.
Stamps III, A. E. 2005. Visual Permeability, Locomotive Permeability, Safety, and Enclosure. Environment and Behavior, 37(5), 587-619.
Stamps III, A. E. 2005. Isovists, Enclosure, and Permeability Theory. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 32(5), 735-762.
Stamps III, A. E. 2006. Interior Prospect and Refuge. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 103(3), 643-653.
Stamps III, A. E. 2007. Evaluating Spaciousness in Static and Dynamic Media. Design Studies, 28(5), 535-557.
Stamps, A. E. 2009. On Shape and Spaciousness. Environment and Behavior,41, 526-548.
Stamps, A. E. 2010. Effects of Permeability on Perceived Enclosure and Spaciousness. Environment and Behavior, 42, 864-886.
Stamps, A. E. 2011. Effects of Area, Height, Elongation, and Color on Perceived Spaciousness. Environment and Behavior, 43(2), 252-273.
Stamps III, A. E. 2013. Effects of Multiple Boundaries on Perceived Spaciousness and Enclosure. Environment and Behavior, 45(7), 851-875.
Stamps III, AE, and V. V. Krishnan. 2004. Perceived Enclosure of Space, Angle Above Observer, and Distance to Boundary. Perceptual and Motor Skills,99, 1187-1192.
Stamps, A. E., and V. V. Krishnan. 2006. Spaciousness and Boundary Roughness. Environment and Behavior, 38, 841-872.
Takei, M., and M. Oohara. 1977. Experimental Study on Measurement of the Sense of Oppression by a Building: (Part-1) Psychological Analysis of the Sense of Oppression Caused by a Building and the Device for the Experiment. Transactions of the Architectural Institute of Japan, (No. 261), 105–114 (Japanese Translated).
Thiel, P., E. D. Harrison, and R. S. Alden. 1986. The Perception of Spatial Enclosure as a Function of the Position of Architectural Surfaces. Environment and Behavior, 18(2), 227-245.
Tuan, Y. F. 1979. Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective(pp. 387-427). Springer Netherlands.
Ulrich, R. S., R. F. Simons, B. D. Losito, E. Fiorito, M. A. Miles, and M. Zelson. 1991. Stress Recovery during Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201-230.
Ünlü, A., E. Edgü, M. E. Şalgamcioğlu, and N. G. Canakcioglu. 2022. Exploring Perceived Openness and Spaciousness: the Effects of Semantic and Physical Aspects. Architectural Science Review, 65(2), 162-174.
Von Castell, C., D. Oberfeld, and H. Hecht. 2014. The Effect of Furnishing on Perceived Spatial Dimensions and Spaciousness of Interior Space. PloS One, 9(11), e113267.
Wänström Lindh, U., and M. Billger. 2021. Light Distribution and Perceived Spaciousness: Light Patterns in Scale Models. Sustainability, 13(22), 12424.
Winkel, G., R. Malek, and P. Thiel. 1970. A Study of Human Response to Selected Roadside Environments. In EDRA 1(pp. 224-240). Routledge.
Winkielman, P., N. Schwarz, R. Reber, and T. A. Fazendeiro. 2003. Cognitive and Affective Consequences of Visual Fluency: When Seeing Is Easy on the Mind. Persuasive Imagery: A Consumer Response Perspective, 75-89.
Wohlwill, J. F. 1982. The Visual Impact of Ddevelopment in Coastal Zone Areas. Coastal Management, 9(3-4), 225-248.
Wohlwill, J. F., and I. Kohn. 1973. Environment as Experienced by Migrant-Adaptation-Level View. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 4(1), 135-164.
Yildirim, K., K. Cagatay, and N. Ayalp. 2015. Effect of Wall Colour on the Perception of Classrooms. Indoor and Built Environment, 24(5), 607-616.
Zajonc, R. B. 1984. On the Primacy of Affect.
Zube, E. H., and G. T. Moore. (Eds.). 1991. Advances in Environment, Behavior and Design: Volume3 (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media.
Zube, E. H., D. G. Pitt, and G. W. Evans. 1983. A Lifespan Developmental Study of Landscape Assessment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3(2), 115-128.
Bokharaei, S. (2023). Airiness and Spaciousness: Semantic Analysis of Size-related Qualities of Housing Interiors. Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, 11(22), 111-132. doi: 10.22052/jias.2023.248358.1108
MLA
Saleheh Bokharaei. "Airiness and Spaciousness: Semantic Analysis of Size-related Qualities of Housing Interiors", Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, 11, 22, 2023, 111-132. doi: 10.22052/jias.2023.248358.1108
HARVARD
Bokharaei, S. (2023). 'Airiness and Spaciousness: Semantic Analysis of Size-related Qualities of Housing Interiors', Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, 11(22), pp. 111-132. doi: 10.22052/jias.2023.248358.1108
VANCOUVER
Bokharaei, S. Airiness and Spaciousness: Semantic Analysis of Size-related Qualities of Housing Interiors. Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies, 2023; 11(22): 111-132. doi: 10.22052/jias.2023.248358.1108