University of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250219Rediscovering a Forgotten Building Type in the Architectural Heritage of Bushehr Port through Historical ImagesRediscovering a Forgotten Building Type in the Architectural Heritage of Bushehr Port through Historical Images52611474210.22052/jias.2025.255016.1307FAAbdolhamidAalihosseiniMaster of Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of TehranParastooEshratiAssociate Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of TehranJournal Article20240608Associate Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
The analysis of historical images reveals the existence of vanished structural forms that differ markedly from the commonly identified types of historic buildings in the port of Bushehr. This study aims to develop a novel methodology that leverages visual documentation to identify and analyze these forgotten architectural types. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted across three distinct scales: micro, meso, and macro. Historical images served as the primary data source and were subjected to qualitative analysis. This was followed by a quantitative analysis at the micro-scale using K-cluster analysis. The results of the quantitative and image analyses were then compared at the meso scale, while Kernel density function analysis and hot-spots analysis were applied at the macro-scale. The findings reveal a distinct architectural typology, predominantly found in several villages on the Bushehr Peninsula and, to a lesser extent, within the historical district of the port of Bushehr. At the micro-scale, these buildings are defined by their stone masonry structures, predominantly sloped roofs, and entrances along the longitudinal axis. At the meso scale, the floor plans exhibit two primary length-to-width ratios of 0.427 and 0.912, typically oriented along an east-west axis, with arrangements appearing as single units, pairs, or clusters of three or more. At the macro-scale, enclosed plots were organized into grid-like patterns aligned perpendicularly to the sea axis, forming identifiable clusters.Associate Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran
The analysis of historical images reveals the existence of vanished structural forms that differ markedly from the commonly identified types of historic buildings in the port of Bushehr. This study aims to develop a novel methodology that leverages visual documentation to identify and analyze these forgotten architectural types. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted across three distinct scales: micro, meso, and macro. Historical images served as the primary data source and were subjected to qualitative analysis. This was followed by a quantitative analysis at the micro-scale using K-cluster analysis. The results of the quantitative and image analyses were then compared at the meso scale, while Kernel density function analysis and hot-spots analysis were applied at the macro-scale. The findings reveal a distinct architectural typology, predominantly found in several villages on the Bushehr Peninsula and, to a lesser extent, within the historical district of the port of Bushehr. At the micro-scale, these buildings are defined by their stone masonry structures, predominantly sloped roofs, and entrances along the longitudinal axis. At the meso scale, the floor plans exhibit two primary length-to-width ratios of 0.427 and 0.912, typically oriented along an east-west axis, with arrangements appearing as single units, pairs, or clusters of three or more. At the macro-scale, enclosed plots were organized into grid-like patterns aligned perpendicularly to the sea axis, forming identifiable clusters.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114742_7e11db6eff7c34311405d9dc1ef77967.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Developing a Typological Framework for Functional Troglodytic Architecture in Iran Based on the ICOMOS Classification ModelDeveloping a Typological Framework for Functional Troglodytic Architecture in Iran Based on the ICOMOS Classification Model274511461110.22052/jias.2024.255561.1331FAMahnazAshrafiAssistant Professor, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and TourismAminKeyvanlooM.A., Building Restoration, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and TourismJournal Article20241002The absence of a comprehensive typology for troglodytic heritage highlights the need for this study. The analysis and investigation of existing categories reveals that they are often limited and prone to ambiguities and confusion. This study aims to develop a framework for the thematic classification of troglodytic architecture in Iran, addressing the importance of classifying troglodytic architecture and the methodology for establishing a framework for the original function of Iranian troglodytic architecture. The study methodology involves a survey analysis based on field studies in Iran, as well as documentary and library sources, including documents concerning world heritage and existing troglodytic categories in Iran and around the world. Given the significance and diversity of this architecture in the country and aiming to align with recognized global literature on this subject, the ICOMOS World Heritage classification model was selected as the foundation of the proposed framework. The findings of the study reveal that, given the vast geographical extent and rich history of the country, the diverse troglodytic works of Iran do not significantly differ from constructed works in terms of function. Most of these functions can also be observed in troglodytic works. Investigations conducted on the existing classifications demonstrated that it is necessary to set up a classification based on the internationally recognized frameworks consistent with the various types of man-made caves in Iran. Thus, the ICOMOS World Heritage Classification Model was selected as the basis of the framework in order to integrate and utilize the recognized global literature. To avoid the scattering and overlap of subjects and achieve coherence and inclusiveness within the categorization, specific and significantly overlapping cases were excluded from the model. Finally, a framework for the function of typological works was developed by following the global terminology and classifications and analyzing the identified typological examples in Iran.The absence of a comprehensive typology for troglodytic heritage highlights the need for this study. The analysis and investigation of existing categories reveals that they are often limited and prone to ambiguities and confusion. This study aims to develop a framework for the thematic classification of troglodytic architecture in Iran, addressing the importance of classifying troglodytic architecture and the methodology for establishing a framework for the original function of Iranian troglodytic architecture. The study methodology involves a survey analysis based on field studies in Iran, as well as documentary and library sources, including documents concerning world heritage and existing troglodytic categories in Iran and around the world. Given the significance and diversity of this architecture in the country and aiming to align with recognized global literature on this subject, the ICOMOS World Heritage classification model was selected as the foundation of the proposed framework. The findings of the study reveal that, given the vast geographical extent and rich history of the country, the diverse troglodytic works of Iran do not significantly differ from constructed works in terms of function. Most of these functions can also be observed in troglodytic works. Investigations conducted on the existing classifications demonstrated that it is necessary to set up a classification based on the internationally recognized frameworks consistent with the various types of man-made caves in Iran. Thus, the ICOMOS World Heritage Classification Model was selected as the basis of the framework in order to integrate and utilize the recognized global literature. To avoid the scattering and overlap of subjects and achieve coherence and inclusiveness within the categorization, specific and significantly overlapping cases were excluded from the model. Finally, a framework for the function of typological works was developed by following the global terminology and classifications and analyzing the identified typological examples in Iran.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114611_0c89f9ec0a9275c21310b39020956acf.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Analyzing the Structural Development of Kerman from the 5th to the 10th Century AH, Based on the Role of Political Relations and Urban ElementsAnalyzing the Structural Development of Kerman from the 5th to the 10th Century AH, Based on the Role of Political Relations and Urban Elements476411472510.22052/jias.2025.255674.1336FAAliShafiee NezhadM.A. student, Iranian Architectural Studies, Faculty of Architecture, School of Fine Arts, University of TehranAlirezaAnisiAssociate Professor, Research Centre for Historic Buildings and Cities, Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT)Journal Article20241024The emergence of cities is typically based on political and economic factors, as well as natural and geographical characteristics. However, the persistence of urban life and the factors impacting their spatial organization transformations is a topic that demands further investigation, as it redefines urban structures and relationships within them in all historical eras based on the existing situation, government policies, and resulting relations. Previous studies have generally viewed cities as an entity detached from their surrounding system, with little attention paid to the impact of external political relations on their development process. In contrast, the formation and existence of Kerman in a region with unfavorable climatic conditions has always been dependent on commercial relations with surrounding cities. Thus, the political development has driven the urban and physical development of Kerman. The current study aims to understand these relationships and their impact on urban transformations and the spatial organization of Kerman across five centuries, from the 5th to the 10th century AH. Understanding the city's past structural layout requires examining local histories and primary sources, analyzing and explaining them, and comparing historical documents with architectural remains from each period as urban elements from their era. Thus, this study uses a historical-analytical approach with logical reasoning. The findings indicate that Kerman gained particular prominence from the 5th century AH. Its economic prosperity led to political and physical development in subsequent centuries, gradually transforming the Seljuk city's spatial organization. During the following five centuries, new urban cores emerged in each era, influenced by the status of lands within the city walls and the nature of political relations with surrounding cities. These cores consisted of important urban elements such as the Grand Mosque, Dar al-Siyada, bathhouses, and necessary facilities like qanats. The development of these elements laid the foundations for structural transformation, leading to the formation of new neighborhoods around the initial core and determining the primary direction of urban expansion in each era.The emergence of cities is typically based on political and economic factors, as well as natural and geographical characteristics. However, the persistence of urban life and the factors impacting their spatial organization transformations is a topic that demands further investigation, as it redefines urban structures and relationships within them in all historical eras based on the existing situation, government policies, and resulting relations. Previous studies have generally viewed cities as an entity detached from their surrounding system, with little attention paid to the impact of external political relations on their development process. In contrast, the formation and existence of Kerman in a region with unfavorable climatic conditions has always been dependent on commercial relations with surrounding cities. Thus, the political development has driven the urban and physical development of Kerman. The current study aims to understand these relationships and their impact on urban transformations and the spatial organization of Kerman across five centuries, from the 5th to the 10th century AH. Understanding the city's past structural layout requires examining local histories and primary sources, analyzing and explaining them, and comparing historical documents with architectural remains from each period as urban elements from their era. Thus, this study uses a historical-analytical approach with logical reasoning. The findings indicate that Kerman gained particular prominence from the 5th century AH. Its economic prosperity led to political and physical development in subsequent centuries, gradually transforming the Seljuk city's spatial organization. During the following five centuries, new urban cores emerged in each era, influenced by the status of lands within the city walls and the nature of political relations with surrounding cities. These cores consisted of important urban elements such as the Grand Mosque, Dar al-Siyada, bathhouses, and necessary facilities like qanats. The development of these elements laid the foundations for structural transformation, leading to the formation of new neighborhoods around the initial core and determining the primary direction of urban expansion in each era.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114725_2dd8211af02d6d2116132397b47f556b.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Recognition of the Qajar Pavilion of Fin Garden through Innovation in Spatial Design and Decorative MotifsRecognition of the Qajar Pavilion of Fin Garden through Innovation in Spatial Design and Decorative Motifs658311468710.22052/jias.2025.253465.1240FAAlIDadkhahInstructure, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of KashanMehdiMomtahenAssistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of KashanMaryamSarraf MamouriMaster of Science, Faculty of Architecture and Art, University of KashanJournal Article20241109The decorations in Iranian architecture are among the most unique patterns and imagery in the world. Without a doubt, Iranian gardens are symbols of art, serving as the manifestations of architecture and painting left by the artists of their era. The Fin Garden of Kashan stands out as one of the most unique examples of Iranian gardens, with the Qajar pavilion shining like a jewel in its heart. The unique spatial organization, physical characteristics, patterns, and motifs in this section of the Fin Garden demand its proper recognition. It is imperative to carefully consider the proportions and composition of the motifs and decorations in this building and employ them in other arts, such as carpet design, to preserve and maintain these works. Studying and analyzing the Shamseh (Sunburst motif) designs with Eslimi and Khatei (Iranian Arabesque) patterns on the middle ceiling of the Qajar pavilion can be a lasting display in other Iranian art forms. The analysis of these motifs indicates that the general forms of this design and the motifs used in these forms are highly compatible and in perfect harmony with Iranian and modern arts. These patterns can be utilized with a few minor tweaks with respect to the materials and special tools of each artistic field to help create unique and creative new works of art. This research is a case study in the form of a document-based field study and has been carried out with a descriptive, analytical, and adaptive approach, leading to sections of the text lacking references. The data collection and utilization in this study involved library sources and field research (photography) to examine the designs in the Fin Garden of Kashan. In order to analyze these unique motifs left from the past, understand their design and implementation methods, and reuse them in novel and innovative roles within other arts, particularly in carpet design, the designs have been drawn in an open linear fashion.The decorations in Iranian architecture are among the most unique patterns and imagery in the world. Without a doubt, Iranian gardens are symbols of art, serving as the manifestations of architecture and painting left by the artists of their era. The Fin Garden of Kashan stands out as one of the most unique examples of Iranian gardens, with the Qajar pavilion shining like a jewel in its heart. The unique spatial organization, physical characteristics, patterns, and motifs in this section of the Fin Garden demand its proper recognition. It is imperative to carefully consider the proportions and composition of the motifs and decorations in this building and employ them in other arts, such as carpet design, to preserve and maintain these works. Studying and analyzing the Shamseh (Sunburst motif) designs with Eslimi and Khatei (Iranian Arabesque) patterns on the middle ceiling of the Qajar pavilion can be a lasting display in other Iranian art forms. The analysis of these motifs indicates that the general forms of this design and the motifs used in these forms are highly compatible and in perfect harmony with Iranian and modern arts. These patterns can be utilized with a few minor tweaks with respect to the materials and special tools of each artistic field to help create unique and creative new works of art. This research is a case study in the form of a document-based field study and has been carried out with a descriptive, analytical, and adaptive approach, leading to sections of the text lacking references. The data collection and utilization in this study involved library sources and field research (photography) to examine the designs in the Fin Garden of Kashan. In order to analyze these unique motifs left from the past, understand their design and implementation methods, and reuse them in novel and innovative roles within other arts, particularly in carpet design, the designs have been drawn in an open linear fashion.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114687_9bdaf15d892e611432881d754ac8136c.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Investigating the Concept of "Affordance" in the Protection of Urban Historic Squares in IranInvestigating the Concept of "Affordance" in the Protection of Urban Historic Squares in Iran8510411459310.22052/jias.2024.254479.1290FAMansourKhajepour GalousalariPh.D. Candidate, Historic Buildings and Urban Restoration, College of Fine Arts, University of TehranPirouzHanachiProfessor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran0000-0002-3150-6501Journal Article20240529Affordance is one of the critical and widely utilized concepts in the field of environmental psychology that aids in understanding the relationship between behavioral patterns and user needs with the environment. A significant portion of the conservation process in historical squares involves the participation of stakeholders and their mutual relationship with the environment. This concept lacks a clear definition of architectural conservation. Determining the role and position of Affordances in the conservation process, particularly in historical squares as a type of urban public space, can have an impact on fully understanding the relationship between stakeholders and the squares and any subsequent conservation decisions. This applied study aims to explain and investigate the role of affordance in the conservation process of historical squares. Initially, valid opinions and views centered on the concept of affordance were investigated with an analytical-descriptive approach. Subsequently, the role of this concept in the conservation process of historical squares was determined using a logical reasoning process. To this end, the concepts of participatory trends in the protection and management of changes with the central role of stakeholders, as well as the concepts of value, need, and perception in affordance, were investigated, with the relationship between them being analyzed and documented. The findings indicate that elucidating the affordance of historical squares by stakeholders, interpreting them, and preparing appropriate action plans based on said affordances and the conditions of stakeholder perceptions can be beneficial to the recommended bottom-to-top approach, facilitating the role of stakeholders in protecting historical squares.Affordance is one of the critical and widely utilized concepts in the field of environmental psychology that aids in understanding the relationship between behavioral patterns and user needs with the environment. A significant portion of the conservation process in historical squares involves the participation of stakeholders and their mutual relationship with the environment. This concept lacks a clear definition of architectural conservation. Determining the role and position of Affordances in the conservation process, particularly in historical squares as a type of urban public space, can have an impact on fully understanding the relationship between stakeholders and the squares and any subsequent conservation decisions. This applied study aims to explain and investigate the role of affordance in the conservation process of historical squares. Initially, valid opinions and views centered on the concept of affordance were investigated with an analytical-descriptive approach. Subsequently, the role of this concept in the conservation process of historical squares was determined using a logical reasoning process. To this end, the concepts of participatory trends in the protection and management of changes with the central role of stakeholders, as well as the concepts of value, need, and perception in affordance, were investigated, with the relationship between them being analyzed and documented. The findings indicate that elucidating the affordance of historical squares by stakeholders, interpreting them, and preparing appropriate action plans based on said affordances and the conditions of stakeholder perceptions can be beneficial to the recommended bottom-to-top approach, facilitating the role of stakeholders in protecting historical squares.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114593_13be83c6db26fe837d282869f2a2a47a.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315The Role of Privacy and View Angle in the Formation of Spatial Structure of Native House Architecture in Hajij VillageThe Role of Privacy and View Angle in the Formation of Spatial Structure of Native House Architecture in Hajij Village10512511478910.22052/jias.2025.256029.1353FAMasuodRezaiiPh.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityKarenFatahiMember of the Faculty of Architecture, Ilam Branch Islamic, Islamic Azad University,Ilam, IranSaeidMoradyAssistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Razi UniversityBehzadVasiqAssociate Professor, Faculty of Architecture, Jundishapur Dezful University of TechnologyJournal Article20241001The government-led macro-policies aimed at renovating and improving rural settlements have led to extensive changes in the structure and appearance of the settlements, occasionally resulting in the destruction of buildings containing valuable components and elements. One such example is the Hajij village in Paveh County, boasting a unique stepped appearance and distinct native houses with valuable components and elements. Elements such as the spatial organization of internal spaces, the hierarchic access, the locations, dimensions, and opening directions in the house of this village determine the interrelationship of the residents with the space outside. This arrangement has provided privacy inside the house despite the lack of courtyards in the buildings. However, the changes occurring as a result of government policies in recent years have created a stark contrast between the new appearance of the Hajij village and its indigenous architecture. This shift has caused the structure and appearance of the buildings in this area to mirror urban landscapes, resulting in the loss of the patterns and specific components of the village houses. The current study is grounded in library research and field observations and employs a descriptive-analytical approach. Understanding and preserving beneficial approaches to construction and investigating the factors of privacy and view angle in the architecture of the indigenous houses of this village are among the key aspects of this study. The findings of this study can be taken into account as an effective option in the design and construction of new buildings in the village. The current study seeks to address the role of openings in establishing a visual connection between the external and internal spaces and maintaining privacy in these houses. The findings indicate that the windows, generally located on the southern sides with narrow and elongated forms and a protrusion of up to approximately one meter, never provided a view from outside spaces toward the inside of the buildings. In contrast, the inside of the buildings provides a view toward the roof and the surrounding areas of the village. Moreover, the role of the roofs as courtyards for other houses and the view of the residents toward the roofs of neighboring houses, as well as the stepped form of the village, the layout of the interior spaces, the height of the protrusions under the windows, and the shape of the windows have provided the housed of this village with the feature of privacy.The government-led macro-policies aimed at renovating and improving rural settlements have led to extensive changes in the structure and appearance of the settlements, occasionally resulting in the destruction of buildings containing valuable components and elements. One such example is the Hajij village in Paveh County, boasting a unique stepped appearance and distinct native houses with valuable components and elements. Elements such as the spatial organization of internal spaces, the hierarchic access, the locations, dimensions, and opening directions in the house of this village determine the interrelationship of the residents with the space outside. This arrangement has provided privacy inside the house despite the lack of courtyards in the buildings. However, the changes occurring as a result of government policies in recent years have created a stark contrast between the new appearance of the Hajij village and its indigenous architecture. This shift has caused the structure and appearance of the buildings in this area to mirror urban landscapes, resulting in the loss of the patterns and specific components of the village houses. The current study is grounded in library research and field observations and employs a descriptive-analytical approach. Understanding and preserving beneficial approaches to construction and investigating the factors of privacy and view angle in the architecture of the indigenous houses of this village are among the key aspects of this study. The findings of this study can be taken into account as an effective option in the design and construction of new buildings in the village. The current study seeks to address the role of openings in establishing a visual connection between the external and internal spaces and maintaining privacy in these houses. The findings indicate that the windows, generally located on the southern sides with narrow and elongated forms and a protrusion of up to approximately one meter, never provided a view from outside spaces toward the inside of the buildings. In contrast, the inside of the buildings provides a view toward the roof and the surrounding areas of the village. Moreover, the role of the roofs as courtyards for other houses and the view of the residents toward the roofs of neighboring houses, as well as the stepped form of the village, the layout of the interior spaces, the height of the protrusions under the windows, and the shape of the windows have provided the housed of this village with the feature of privacy.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114789_7da2fc5d7660f7c3b4e2323aabe0f6d8.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Fundamentals of Conserving Settlements Related to Historic Gardens in BirjandFundamentals of Conserving Settlements Related to Historic Gardens in Birjand12715811479110.22052/jias.2025.256247.1362FAMaryamRezaeipourPh.D. Candidate, Department of Urban Planning, NT.C. Islamic Azad UniversityMohammadrezaFarzad BehtashAssistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, NT.C. Islamic Azad University0000-0002-6681-7262HamidrezaSabbaghiAssistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, NT.C. Islamic Azad UniversityAlirezaAnisiAssociate Professor, the Research Center of Historical Buildings and Fabrics, the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and TourismJournal Article20241104A number of settlements that were formed and developed in the proximity of historical gardens maintained a historical connection with said gardens. It can be stated that the social, physical, cultural, and economic life of these settlements was intertwined with the historical gardens surrounding them. The existence of numerous rural settlements in the proximity of historic gardens in the Birjand region allows for the study of the relationship between these settlements and the historic gardens. The connection between settlements and historic gardens is a rarely discussed subject. These settlements in the Birjand region, along with historic gardens and other remaining components and elements, formed a cohesive and interconnected totality. Thus, it is necessary to protect these settlements, which are at risk of destruction in numerous cases, as they hold historic, social, economic, and cultural value. Given the difficulties of protecting these settlements due to the multi-faceted and sometimes irreversible issues, this study employs four international documents that could prove reliable as an initial basis for protection. Moreover, a number of matters that seemed necessary in the protection of these settlements were processed by referring to historical sources, field observations, and analyzing historical narratives of the settlement inhabitants who had real-life experiences from the 60s and 70s. Therefore, this study combines interpretation, observation, and narrative analysis in its methodology. The findings indicate the existence of at least three types of settlements in the Birjand region that have experienced different damages despite their similarities. These settlements fall into four categories based on the type and severity of damage. The damages inflicted on the Kalatehs (small villages) are considerable, as these settlements inherently derived their life from historical gardens and were heavily dependent on the ruling feudal landlord. Thus, the life-giving conservation approach, which largely involves restoration and revival measures, is recommended for these types of settlements. Conversely, protective measures such as maintenance and empowerment are suggested for rural settlements that existed prior to the formation of historical gardens and continue to maintain social and economic life.A number of settlements that were formed and developed in the proximity of historical gardens maintained a historical connection with said gardens. It can be stated that the social, physical, cultural, and economic life of these settlements was intertwined with the historical gardens surrounding them. The existence of numerous rural settlements in the proximity of historic gardens in the Birjand region allows for the study of the relationship between these settlements and the historic gardens. The connection between settlements and historic gardens is a rarely discussed subject. These settlements in the Birjand region, along with historic gardens and other remaining components and elements, formed a cohesive and interconnected totality. Thus, it is necessary to protect these settlements, which are at risk of destruction in numerous cases, as they hold historic, social, economic, and cultural value. Given the difficulties of protecting these settlements due to the multi-faceted and sometimes irreversible issues, this study employs four international documents that could prove reliable as an initial basis for protection. Moreover, a number of matters that seemed necessary in the protection of these settlements were processed by referring to historical sources, field observations, and analyzing historical narratives of the settlement inhabitants who had real-life experiences from the 60s and 70s. Therefore, this study combines interpretation, observation, and narrative analysis in its methodology. The findings indicate the existence of at least three types of settlements in the Birjand region that have experienced different damages despite their similarities. These settlements fall into four categories based on the type and severity of damage. The damages inflicted on the Kalatehs (small villages) are considerable, as these settlements inherently derived their life from historical gardens and were heavily dependent on the ruling feudal landlord. Thus, the life-giving conservation approach, which largely involves restoration and revival measures, is recommended for these types of settlements. Conversely, protective measures such as maintenance and empowerment are suggested for rural settlements that existed prior to the formation of historical gardens and continue to maintain social and economic life.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114791_42f99bec700638e7eb05323b8a48db6b.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Architecture and Justice in Imam Ali’s (PBUH) EraArchitecture and Justice in Imam Ali’s (PBUH) Era15917811483010.22052/jias.2025.256714.1385FAMohammad MahdiAbdollahzadehAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture & Urban Planning, Technical and Vocational UniversityJournal Article20240901The inquiry into justice in architecture concerns the allocation and distribution of spatial benefits and locational advantages. The article examines the meaning of just architecture and the relationship between the two concepts, as understood by a highly prominent character in early Islam — Imam Ali (PBUH), the first Imam of the Shiites and the fourth Caliph of Muslims. The adopted research strategy is a historical interpretive method, employing a conceptual history approach. The study initially reviewed previous research to evaluate Imam Ali’s (PBUH) conception of justice and identify its conceptual framework. Subsequently, the spatial interventions of Imam Ali (PBUH)—both in theory and practice—were examined through historical and narrative sources, analyzing their various forms to reveal his preferred approach to spatial modifications and the distribution of spatial benefits.
As a result, a framework of concepts emerged, clarifying the notion of just architecture as defined by the fourth Caliph. These concepts included "Intention" (Niyyah) of construction as a fundamental principle, emphasizing the meaning or inner purpose of the structure, public welfare (Salah) or the most significant benefit for the greatest number, pedistribution of spatial advantages in a way that empowers the disadvantaged and eliminates discrimination, incorporation of a virtuous meaning, and fostering public affection and trust. These concepts also contributed to understanding his broader conception of justice.The inquiry into justice in architecture concerns the allocation and distribution of spatial benefits and locational advantages. The article examines the meaning of just architecture and the relationship between the two concepts, as understood by a highly prominent character in early Islam — Imam Ali (PBUH), the first Imam of the Shiites and the fourth Caliph of Muslims. The adopted research strategy is a historical interpretive method, employing a conceptual history approach. The study initially reviewed previous research to evaluate Imam Ali’s (PBUH) conception of justice and identify its conceptual framework. Subsequently, the spatial interventions of Imam Ali (PBUH)—both in theory and practice—were examined through historical and narrative sources, analyzing their various forms to reveal his preferred approach to spatial modifications and the distribution of spatial benefits.
As a result, a framework of concepts emerged, clarifying the notion of just architecture as defined by the fourth Caliph. These concepts included "Intention" (Niyyah) of construction as a fundamental principle, emphasizing the meaning or inner purpose of the structure, public welfare (Salah) or the most significant benefit for the greatest number, pedistribution of spatial advantages in a way that empowers the disadvantaged and eliminates discrimination, incorporation of a virtuous meaning, and fostering public affection and trust. These concepts also contributed to understanding his broader conception of justice.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114830_1bd336957c6b0d8f08dfadb363e07c15.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315A Historical Narrative of the Architectural Formation of the Pir-i Bakran Monument during the Ilkhanid PeriodA Historical Narrative of the Architectural Formation of the Pir-i Bakran Monument during the Ilkhanid Period17920311483510.22052/jias.2025.254309.1282FAMarziehMirzaeiM.A. in Iranian Architectural Studies, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan University of ArtMohammadrezaRahimzadehAssistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of ArtNaserNorouzzadeh CheginiFaculty Member, Department of Archaeology, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and TourismJournal Article20240229The historical monument of Pir-i Bakran is one of the most prominent examples of shrine complexes developed during the Ilkhanid period. This structure can be considered as a reflection of the era’s cultural, religious, and social complexities. The present study aimed to analyze the cultural factors that contributed to the formation, evolution, and transformation of the monument within the framework of cultural historiography. In this study, data were collected from written, material, oral, and visual sources using archival and fieldwork methodologies. A primary purpose of the study was to examine the role of human agency in the formation of culture, and then to investigate the factors influencing the emergence and continuity of Pir-i Bakran by dividing culture into material and immaterial dimensions. In contrast to traditional approaches that primarily focus on elite mentalities, this research emphasized the popular thought and collective worldview of the broader society during the Ilkhanid era. The findings revealed that popular mentalities, religious beliefs, and communal imaginations played a decisive role in shaping the monument’s architectural development and transformation. Finally, this study interpreted Pir-i Bakran not merely as an architectural work, but as a manifestation of the common people's worldview during the Ilkhanid period.The historical monument of Pir-i Bakran is one of the most prominent examples of shrine complexes developed during the Ilkhanid period. This structure can be considered as a reflection of the era’s cultural, religious, and social complexities. The present study aimed to analyze the cultural factors that contributed to the formation, evolution, and transformation of the monument within the framework of cultural historiography. In this study, data were collected from written, material, oral, and visual sources using archival and fieldwork methodologies. A primary purpose of the study was to examine the role of human agency in the formation of culture, and then to investigate the factors influencing the emergence and continuity of Pir-i Bakran by dividing culture into material and immaterial dimensions. In contrast to traditional approaches that primarily focus on elite mentalities, this research emphasized the popular thought and collective worldview of the broader society during the Ilkhanid era. The findings revealed that popular mentalities, religious beliefs, and communal imaginations played a decisive role in shaping the monument’s architectural development and transformation. Finally, this study interpreted Pir-i Bakran not merely as an architectural work, but as a manifestation of the common people's worldview during the Ilkhanid period.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114835_e52025b781eb331ef95e2c886235b61b.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Systemic Analysis of the Equilibrium Process in the Structural Components of Historical Buildings (Case Study: Graphical Analysis of a Quadrilateral Vault)Systemic Analysis of the Equilibrium Process in the Structural Components of Historical Buildings (Case Study: Graphical Analysis of a Quadrilateral Vault)20522411486810.22052/jias.2025.255200.1313FANimaKeynejadPh.D. Candidate, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran.Mohammad HassanTalebianProfessor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran0000-0002-9568-1819SaeidKhaghaniAssistant Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran.Journal Article20240720The behavior of historical buildings is not easily predictable, and one way to better understand this behavior is to consider it as a complex system. Complex systems theory examines phenomena layer by layer and focuses on the relationships between information. Each layer of the system exhibits a specific behavioral pattern, and the behavior of the whole system becomes predictable through the synergy between these layers. From the perspective of this theory, behavior in a historical building encompassed a more comprehensive concept and included the structure. On the other hand, the history of structural analysis in historical buildings highlighted the importance of geometry in maintaining the building's equilibrium. At the same time, machine tools that are common today use other principles in their analyses and do not provide reliable results due to their simplistic assumptions. As a result of introducing a conceptual framework for understanding a historical building based on the theory of complex systems in this article, it is argued that the analysis of behavior in a historical building depends both on the examination of the processes occurring in different layers of the building, and on the application of empirical knowledge. As a result of examining historical equilibrium analysis in historical buildings, it is concluded that combining the limit method with graphical statics enables the determination of a building's structural elements' complexity through an information-driven process, based on the path of the thrust force. This descriptive-analytical article presented its proposal practically by implementing this method on a Quadrilateral vault as a component of a historical building.The behavior of historical buildings is not easily predictable, and one way to better understand this behavior is to consider it as a complex system. Complex systems theory examines phenomena layer by layer and focuses on the relationships between information. Each layer of the system exhibits a specific behavioral pattern, and the behavior of the whole system becomes predictable through the synergy between these layers. From the perspective of this theory, behavior in a historical building encompassed a more comprehensive concept and included the structure. On the other hand, the history of structural analysis in historical buildings highlighted the importance of geometry in maintaining the building's equilibrium. At the same time, machine tools that are common today use other principles in their analyses and do not provide reliable results due to their simplistic assumptions. As a result of introducing a conceptual framework for understanding a historical building based on the theory of complex systems in this article, it is argued that the analysis of behavior in a historical building depends both on the examination of the processes occurring in different layers of the building, and on the application of empirical knowledge. As a result of examining historical equilibrium analysis in historical buildings, it is concluded that combining the limit method with graphical statics enables the determination of a building's structural elements' complexity through an information-driven process, based on the path of the thrust force. This descriptive-analytical article presented its proposal practically by implementing this method on a Quadrilateral vault as a component of a historical building.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114868_df2b93222d981e275d3407d919bd34ae.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250315Safavid and Qajar Tombstones of Estark Village, Kashan, IranSafavid and Qajar Tombstones of Estark Village, Kashan, Iran22524811486910.22052/jias.2025.256849.1394FAMohammadMashhadi Noush AbadiAssociate Professor, School of Literature and Foreign Languages, University of KashanMohammad RezaMahloojizadehM.A. in Arabic Language and Literature, University of TehranJournal Article20241029Estark is an ancient village in Kashan, Iran, whose habitation dates back to the Iron Age, as confirmed by archaeological excavations. Nearly forty tombstones from the Safavid and Qajar periods have remained in the old cemetery of this village. These tombstones date back to the 11th to 14th centuries AH. In addition to inscriptions containing the name of the deceased and their date of death, many of these stones bear religious inscriptions, including Quranic verses, Shiite slogans and supplications, as well as Persian poetry. The main objective of this article was to examine the motifs, read the inscriptions, and analyze their content. This research was conducted through both observational and documentary methods. Using an analytical approach, the study aimed to evaluate the formal and artistic features of Safavid and Qajar tombstones in the old Estark cemetery, as well as the reflection of religious and cultural content in their inscriptions. There were inscriptions on the tombstones from the 11th century AH that include Salawat Kabira and Ayat al-Kursi, which are mainly box-shaped with cypress motifs. In the 12th century AH, the stones became flat and vertical, with Ayat al-Kursi omitted and only Salawat Kabira inscribed. In the 13th century AH, a type of upright tombstone emerged, featuring motifs of plants and animals. The 11th-century designs inspire the cypress and mihrab motifs in these stones, but now also include birds and snakes. Newer Shiite slogans and Persian elegiac poetry replaced the Salawat Kabira inscriptions. Persian poetry gained prominence in the 14th century AH, as evidenced by tombstones. On some more miniature gravestones, motifs such as mirrors, combs, and rosaries were depicted. These tombstones portrayed the religious and cultural state of a Shiite village during the Safavid and Qajar eras, showing that over the centuries, tombstones became smaller, their motifs became simpler, and religious inscriptions gave way to more personal and non-religious Persian poetry.Estark is an ancient village in Kashan, Iran, whose habitation dates back to the Iron Age, as confirmed by archaeological excavations. Nearly forty tombstones from the Safavid and Qajar periods have remained in the old cemetery of this village. These tombstones date back to the 11th to 14th centuries AH. In addition to inscriptions containing the name of the deceased and their date of death, many of these stones bear religious inscriptions, including Quranic verses, Shiite slogans and supplications, as well as Persian poetry. The main objective of this article was to examine the motifs, read the inscriptions, and analyze their content. This research was conducted through both observational and documentary methods. Using an analytical approach, the study aimed to evaluate the formal and artistic features of Safavid and Qajar tombstones in the old Estark cemetery, as well as the reflection of religious and cultural content in their inscriptions. There were inscriptions on the tombstones from the 11th century AH that include Salawat Kabira and Ayat al-Kursi, which are mainly box-shaped with cypress motifs. In the 12th century AH, the stones became flat and vertical, with Ayat al-Kursi omitted and only Salawat Kabira inscribed. In the 13th century AH, a type of upright tombstone emerged, featuring motifs of plants and animals. The 11th-century designs inspire the cypress and mihrab motifs in these stones, but now also include birds and snakes. Newer Shiite slogans and Persian elegiac poetry replaced the Salawat Kabira inscriptions. Persian poetry gained prominence in the 14th century AH, as evidenced by tombstones. On some more miniature gravestones, motifs such as mirrors, combs, and rosaries were depicted. These tombstones portrayed the religious and cultural state of a Shiite village during the Safavid and Qajar eras, showing that over the centuries, tombstones became smaller, their motifs became simpler, and religious inscriptions gave way to more personal and non-religious Persian poetry.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114869_60e1824b9a0b65a36a426a3b6ff0664b.pdfUniversity of KashanJournal of Iranian Architecture Studies2252-0635132620250219Prohibition of "Pretentious Boasting" or "Useless Decorations" in "Rational and Peace-oriented" Art and ArchitectureProhibition of "Pretentious Boasting" or "Useless Decorations" in "Rational and Peace-oriented" Art and Architecture24927611498310.22052/jias.2025.114983FAMohammadAliabadiProfessor, Faculty of Architecture and Environmental DesignJournal Article20241019This article examines the concept of “Pretentious Boasting” (i.e., excessive display for fame, a self-aggrandizing and vainglorious veneer—which is considered reprehensible) and explores why such behavior is deemed “futile” or devoid of value—indeed, “repugnant, disgusting, even morally forbidden to sound, whole, or perennial intellect”—within the context of an Islamic worldview grounded in wisdom and knowledge. This worldview is “wise simplicity”, prioritizing “usefulness to the spiritual, intellectual, practical, and physical well-being of individuals and the community”. Relying on divine instruction in the Qur’an and the rational-analytical legacy of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and continual blessings be upon him), his household, and the Shiite Imams, the study highlights their advocacy for: Wise simplicity, Avoidance of pretentious boasting, Nurturing mutual flourishing in a complementary, purposeful system—where the parts work together synergistically to enhance collective well-being. Through analysis of their approach to designing religious law (sharīʿah) and social order grounded in wisdom and knowledge, and their efforts to enact these principles in daily life, this paper identifies derived principles and rulings that shape the aesthetics, structure, and functional design of Islamic art, architecture, and city planning. Applying these principles to the engineering of residential and urban spaces in Iran and other lands influenced by this culture, the article demonstrates how: The ethos of wise simplicity, The imperative to be useful to environments, The principle of complementarity of parts within a purposeful system, The rejection of pretentious boasting, And avoidance of futility of parts are concretely embodied in the geometric design, spatial structure, and ornamental restraint of traditional and contemporary Islamic architecture.This article examines the concept of “Pretentious Boasting” (i.e., excessive display for fame, a self-aggrandizing and vainglorious veneer—which is considered reprehensible) and explores why such behavior is deemed “futile” or devoid of value—indeed, “repugnant, disgusting, even morally forbidden to sound, whole, or perennial intellect”—within the context of an Islamic worldview grounded in wisdom and knowledge. This worldview is “wise simplicity”, prioritizing “usefulness to the spiritual, intellectual, practical, and physical well-being of individuals and the community”. Relying on divine instruction in the Qur’an and the rational-analytical legacy of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and continual blessings be upon him), his household, and the Shiite Imams, the study highlights their advocacy for: Wise simplicity, Avoidance of pretentious boasting, Nurturing mutual flourishing in a complementary, purposeful system—where the parts work together synergistically to enhance collective well-being. Through analysis of their approach to designing religious law (sharīʿah) and social order grounded in wisdom and knowledge, and their efforts to enact these principles in daily life, this paper identifies derived principles and rulings that shape the aesthetics, structure, and functional design of Islamic art, architecture, and city planning. Applying these principles to the engineering of residential and urban spaces in Iran and other lands influenced by this culture, the article demonstrates how: The ethos of wise simplicity, The imperative to be useful to environments, The principle of complementarity of parts within a purposeful system, The rejection of pretentious boasting, And avoidance of futility of parts are concretely embodied in the geometric design, spatial structure, and ornamental restraint of traditional and contemporary Islamic architecture.https://jias.kashanu.ac.ir/article_114983_20fc860bab2c4fa6ac0420ef403ecbaf.pdf